Updated December 21, 2021
UPDATE: On December 17, 2021, in a 2-1 decision, the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals allowed the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (“OSHA”) Vaccination and Testing Emergency Temporary Standard (“ETS”) to move forward by lifting an earlier court’s stay that had put the ETS on hold. In response to the court’s decision, OSHA has initiated an aggressive implementation and enforcement schedule.
While OSHA expects covered employers to begin complying immediately, the agency has said it will delay enforcement of the vaccination requirements of the ETS until January 10, 2022, and will wait until February 9, 2022, to start enforcing the optional testing component of the ETS. Both of those dates are quickly approaching.
Although the ETS is moving forward for now, the litigation process continues, as the parties challenging the ETS immediately appealed the court’s decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. While the Supreme Court will ultimately determine the ETS’ fate, in the interim, OSHA has made it clear that it intends to move forward with full enforcement. As a result, covered employers will have to decide how best to re-start their compliance efforts.
On November 5, 2021, OSHA published its long-awaited Emergency Temporary Standard (ETS), which requires most U.S. employers with 100 or more employees to adopt a mandatory COVID-19 vaccination policy with an option to include an alternative weekly testing program.
While the ETS was effective immediately, legal challenges and a nationwide stay halted OSHA’s implementation and enforcement efforts. On December 17, 2021, the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals dissolved the stay, allowing the ETS to take effect. The states and businesses challenging the requirement have appealed the court’s decision to the U.S. Supreme Court, who may have the final word on whether the ETS remains in effect.
With the ETS now in effect, employers should consider their compliance efforts. To account for the uncertainty created by the stay, OSHA is exercising enforcement discretion with respect to the compliance dates to provide employers with sufficient time to come into compliance.
OSHA will not issue citations for non-compliance with any of the requirements of the ETS before January 10, 2022 and will not issue citations for non-compliance with the weekly testing requirements before February 9, 2022 so long as the employer is exercising reasonable, good faith efforts to come into compliance with the standard. OSHA plans to work closely with the regulated community to provide compliance assistance.
This is a rapidly changing environment, but if the ETS survives legal challenge, its current provisions provide employers with a detailed roadmap of what compliance should look like. Even with the legal uncertainty, employers should take steps to prepare for compliance and monitor developments out of the courts.
Below you will find a summary of the important aspects of the ETS. The summary is not exhaustive and is not a substitute for legal advice.
Private employers with 100 or more employees at any time during the effective period of the ETS, which begins on November 5, 2021, must comply. The definition of “employee” includes all employees on an employer’s payroll, including temporary employees, part-time employees, remote employees, seasonal employees, etc. Independent contractors are not counted as employees. Staffing agency employees are considered employees of the staffing agency and are included in the staffing agency’s headcount, not the host employer’s headcount.
Employers with 100 or more employees on November 5, 2021 must continue to comply for the entire duration of the ETS even if their employee count subsequently drops below 100. Employers with fewer than 100 employees on November 5, 2021 are not subject to the ETS; however, if headcount reaches the 100-employee threshold at any time while the ETS is in effect, then the employer must promptly comply.
If an ALE offers an ICHRA for 2021, the Form 1095-C has been modified to add new codes 1T and 1U for ICHRAs offered to the employee and spouse but not dependents.
State and local governmental employers with 100 or more employees in states that have state-approved OSHA programs must comply. State and local governmental employers are not typically covered by federal OSHA requirements. However, a condition for a state receiving approval to adopt its own State Plan is that it extends federal OSHA requirements to state and local governmental employers.
The following employers are not covered under the ETS:
States must adopt programs that are “at least as effective as federal OSHA’s requirements;” however, OSHA allows states to adopt programs that are more expansive or stringent than the federal requirements, so it’s possible that some states may lower the compliance obligation below the 100-employee threshold.
Some states, like Montana and Texas, have laws or executive orders that may prevent vaccine or mask mandates. OSHA believes it has the authority to preempt or override any attempts by states or localities to prevent vaccination or mask mandates. According to the guidance: “OSHA intends for the ETS to preempt and invalidate any State or local requirements that ben or limit an employer’s authority to require vaccination, face covering, or testing.”
Employees who work exclusively from home, who work exclusively outdoors, or who come into the workplace only when other employees (or customers) are not present are not covered by the ETS. However, if any such worker will be entering a covered workplace during times when other employees (or customers) are present, they must either be vaccinated or be able to present a negative test result obtained within seven days of entering the workplace.
Employees with medical conditions or sincerely held religious beliefs that prevent them from 1) being vaccinated, 2) undergoing weekly testing, and/or 3) wearing a mask may be entitled to accommodations under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act or the Americans with Disabilities Act.
Employees who have previously been diagnosed with COVID-19 are not exempt from compliance and must either be fully vaccinated or submit to weekly testing.
Employees are considered to be “fully vaccinated” two weeks after receiving a single Johnson & Johnson vaccine, or two weeks after receiving the second does of a two-dose vaccine series (i.e., Pfizer or Moderna). Booster shots and additional doses are not included in the definition of fully vaccinated under the ETS.
Employers do not have to offer a testing option. The ETS states that employers must adopt a mandatory vaccination program, but that employers may also choose to adopt a weekly testing option. As OSHA puts it, for an employer that decides to adopt a weekly testing option, “that simply means that employees themselves may choose not to get vaccinated, in which case they must get tested and wear face coverings per the requirements of the standard.”
According to the ETS, employers that choose to adopt a mandatory vaccination-only policy may suspend or terminate employees who refuse to get vaccinated, unless their refusal is due to a medical condition or sincerely held religious belief that prevents them from being vaccinated, in which case reasonable accommodations may have to be considered.
Covered employees who are not “fully vaccinated” must comply with the weekly testing requirements of the ETS. This includes unvaccinated employees, partially vaccinated employees and employees who are exempt from vaccination due to religious or disability-based restrictions.
Under the ETS, a COVID-19 test under the ETS is a test that is:
Acceptable tests include tests processed by a laboratory (whether collected at home or at a testing facility), tests witnessed or overseen by the employers or professionals (including telehealth), and tests where specimen collection and processing is either done or observe by an employer. Both Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT) and antigen tests are acceptable, so long as they are not self-administered and self-read. However, antibody tests do not meet the definition of COVID-19 test for the purposes of the ETS.
The ETS does not require employers to pay for any costs associated with testing, although employers can choose to do so. Individual state or local laws may influence whether employers must cover the costs of testing. Group health plans are not required to cover COVID-19 testing for employment purposes.
Employees who fail to provide a weekly test result must be removed from the workplace until they can provide a negative test result.
Fully vaccinated employees are not required to wear masks. Any employee who is not fully vaccinated must wear a mask while in the workplace and when occupying a vehicle with another person for work purposes except under the following circumstances:
Employers are required to provide employees with up to four hours of paid time off (PTO) from work for each required does for a primary vaccination. Booster shots are not considered part of the primary vaccination series. Employees cannot be required to use sick, vacation or PTO time to cover these four hours.
Employers are required to provide “reasonable time and paid sick leave” to employees who suffer side effects from receiving a vaccination and need time off to recover. Available PTO or paid sick time may be used to cover these absences, but if employees don’t have enough accrued time to cover their absence, employers will have to pay for the remaining time off, and cannot advance PTO or sick leave which would result in the employee having a negative balance. The ETS does not require employers to provide PTO in connection with weekly testing, positive test results or quarantining or isolation. It should be noted that state or local laws may impose pay obligations under some of these scenarios.
The ETS requires employers to adopt a robust compliance policy and inform employees, in a language and at a literacy level the employee understands, about the key components of their compliance plan including, but not limited to, the following:
Employers are required to keep a list of employee vaccination status that clearly indicates for each employee whether they are:
The following documents are considered acceptable for proof of vaccination:
An employee who has tested positive must immediately be removed from the workplace until they either:
Employees who have tested positive for COVID-19 and returned to the workplace should be not subjected to weekly testing for 90 days following the date of their positive test.
The ETS does not require employees who have been exposed to someone diagnosed with COVID-19 to be quarantined; however, the CDC continues to recommend that unvaccinated employees be quarantined after close, prolonged contact with a COVID-positive person, and OSHA encourages employers to consider a quarantine protocol.
The ETS does not require contract tracing. However, the CDC continues to recommend contact tracing. Some state/local laws may also require contact tracing.
Employers must report each work-related COVID-19 fatality to OSHA within eight hours of learning of the fatality and each work-related COVID-19 in-patient hospitalization within 24 hours.
Employers that do not timely comply with the OSHA ETS may face penalties of $13,653 per violation for 2021 (2022 amounts not yet available). Willful or repeated violations can result in penalties of $136,532 per violation. States that operate their own OSHA plans must adopt maximum penalty levels that are at least as effective as federal OSHA.
Though the outcome of the legal challenges remains uncertain, employers should prepare for compliance with the ETS. Employers should review their preparedness using the checklist below:
By January 10, 2022, covered employers must have the following in place:
By February 9, 2022:
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